什么是溫度控制器

簡(jian)單來說溫控(kong)器(qi)就(jiu)是用于控(kong)制溫度(du)的儀器(qi)，溫控(kong)器(qi)是從溫度(du)傳感器(qi)獲取輸入信號，然后將(jiang)輸出信號輸出到所連接(jie)的加(jia)熱器(qi)或風(feng)扇等(deng)控(kong)制元件。

溫控器的原理

為了實現機械自動化，在無人操作(zuo)的(de)情況(kuang)下精確控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)過程(cheng)溫(wen)(wen)度，需(xu)要為溫(wen)(wen)度控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)系(xi)統(tong)配備一臺智(zhi)能(neng)溫(wen)(wen)控(kong)(kong)(kong)器。智(zhi)能(neng)溫(wen)(wen)控(kong)(kong)(kong)器特(te)點是從熱電(dian)偶(ou)或 RTD 等(deng)溫(wen)(wen)度傳感器接收輸入信(xin)號后，將(jiang)實際溫(wen)(wen)度與(yu)所需(xu)控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)溫(wen)(wen)度(又稱設(she)定值)進(jin)行比(bi)較，最后將(jiang)輸出(chu)信(xin)號傳送給控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)元件。控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)器是整(zheng)個控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)系(xi)統(tong)的(de)一部(bu)分，因(yin)此在選擇適當的(de)控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)器時(shi)，應對(dui)整(zheng)個系(xi)統(tong)進(jin)行分析。

選擇控制器時應考慮以下因素：

1. 所需輸出類型(T:熱電偶 R:熱電阻 L:線性信號)

2. 所需控制算法(開(kai)/關、比例(li)、PID)

3. 輸出的類型(xing) (S:晶體管 C:電(dian)(dian)流 V:電(dian)(dian)壓)

4. 通(tong)道(dao)(dao)數量(4000：4通(tong)道(dao)(dao) 3000：3通(tong)道(dao)(dao) 2000：2通(tong)道(dao)(dao))

不同類型溫控器的區別

控制器共(gong)分三(san)種(zhong)基本(ben)類(lei)型(xing)：開關(guan)、比(bi)例和 PID。根(gen)據所控制的(de)系統，操作人(ren)員可使用其中一種(zhong)類(lei)型(xing)進行過程控制。

開/關控制

開(kai)關(guan)控(kong)制(zhi)器(qi)是最簡單(dan)的(de)一類(lei)溫度控(kong)制(zhi)設(she)備(bei)(bei)，可進(jin)行開(kai)關(guan)控(kong)制(zhi)操作。此類(lei)設(she)備(bei)(bei)的(de)輸(shu)出(chu)(chu)非開(kai)即(ji)關(guan)，無中間(jian)狀態。只有溫度跨越設(she)定值時，開(kai)關(guan)控(kong)制(zhi)器(qi)才會切(qie)換輸(shu)出(chu)(chu)。控(kong)制(zhi)器(qi)采用標(biao)準導軌安裝，接(jie)線采用高(gao)可靠的(de)插拔式接(jie)線端子，使(shi)其非常易于工程安裝與維護(hu)。結合本地控(kong)制(zhi)按鈕(niu)和回路(lu)狀態指(zhi)示燈，調試非常簡單(dan)方便。控(kong)制(zhi)器(qi)預留了一個緊(jin)(jin)急信號(例如消(xiao)防)接(jie)口，這可以(yi)保(bao)證在(zai)緊(jin)(jin)急情況下對特殊照明設(she)備(bei)(bei)的(de)固定要(yao)求(qiu)。

比例控制

比例(P)控(kong)制(zhi)，就是一種控(kong)制(zhi)方(fang)式，

比(bi)例(li)控制(zhi)是一種最簡單的(de)控制(zhi)方(fang)式(shi)。其(qi)控制(zhi)器(qi)的(de)輸出與輸入誤差信(xin)號成(cheng)比(bi)例(li)關系。當僅有比(bi)例(li)控制(zhi)時系統輸出存在(zai)穩態誤差(Steady-state error)。

PID控制

PID 控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)可(ke)實(shi)現(xian)非常嚴格(ge)的(de)(de)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)，但 PID 算法需要(yao)進行整(zheng)定(ding)(ding)。PID自(zi)整(zheng)定(ding)(ding)溫控(kong)(kong)可(ke)實(shi)現(xian)該功能。這種(zhong)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)類型在(zai)比(bi)(bi)例(li)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)基(ji)礎上引(yin)入積(ji)(ji)(ji)分(fen)和(he)(he)微(wei)分(fen)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)，即 PID 控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)。這種(zhong)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)將(jiang)比(bi)(bi)例(li)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)與另外(wai)兩(liang)種(zhong)調(diao)整(zheng)機制(zhi)(zhi)相結合，有助于(yu)設備對(dui)(dui)(dui)系統(tong)中的(de)(de)變(bian)(bian)化進行自(zi)動補償。積(ji)(ji)(ji)分(fen)和(he)(he)微(wei)分(fen)調(diao)整(zheng)以時間為單位來(lai)表示，又分(fen)別(bie)稱(cheng)為“復位”和(he)(he)“速率”調(diao)整(zheng)。必須(xu)針對(dui)(dui)(dui)特定(ding)(ding)系統(tong)通過(guo)反(fan)復試錯來(lai)調(diao)整(zheng)或(huo)“整(zheng)定(ding)(ding)”比(bi)(bi)例(li)、積(ji)(ji)(ji)分(fen)和(he)(he)微(wei)分(fen)項。在(zai)三種(zhong)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)類型中，PID 控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)精(jing)確性和(he)(he)穩(wen)定(ding)(ding)性最(zui)高(gao)，最(zui)適合用(yong)于(yu)質(zhi)量相對(dui)(dui)(dui)較小的(de)(de)系統(tong)，以及對(dui)(dui)(dui)過(guo)程中能量的(de)(de)變(bian)(bian)化十分(fen)敏(min)感的(de)(de)系統(tong)。對(dui)(dui)(dui)于(yu)負載變(bian)(bian)化頻繁的(de)(de)系統(tong)、以及因設定(ding)(ding)值、可(ke)用(yong)能量或(huo)被(bei)控(kong)(kong)質(zhi)量的(de)(de)頻繁變(bian)(bian)化而(er)需要(yao)通過(guo)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)進行自(zi)動補償的(de)(de)系統(tong)，都建(jian)議使用(yong)此類控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)。微(wei)爾納高(gao)科提供多(duo)款可(ke)自(zi)動進行自(zi)整(zheng)定(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)，即自(zi)整(zheng)定(ding)(ding)溫控(kong)(kong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)。